Vol. IFrozen 2026-09-11Git 2dfc1b5*220,221 articles · 1900–1963

GenderNews Atlas

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Women's share of gender-signalled people rose over 1900–1963: +3.11 percentage points per decade (95% CI +1.41 to +4.81; Newey–West errors on the yearly series). Use the filters to see a role, a method, or the composition-adjusted series.

All gender-signalled people — raw sharesThree gender-evidence rules. Band: 95% CI, primary rule.
Table view
Yearhonorific + pronoun (primary)honorific only+ gendered nouns
190043.9% (41.6%–46.2%) · n=10,17956.6% · n=7,19043.0% · n=10,680
190347.2% (44.4%–50.2%) · n=9,71061.8% · n=6,69546.2% · n=10,245
190651.2% (49.2%–53.1%) · n=10,07667.2% · n=7,06750.0% · n=10,628
190951.9% (49.7%–53.9%) · n=10,40768.3% · n=7,41050.5% · n=10,995
191257.3% (55.4%–59.2%) · n=10,93273.3% · n=8,02355.9% · n=11,525
191561.7% (59.7%–63.7%) · n=10,75876.9% · n=8,06460.2% · n=11,341
191862.0% (60.0%–63.9%) · n=9,87777.0% · n=7,50960.0% · n=10,490
192164.4% (62.9%–65.9%) · n=12,64677.5% · n=9,94462.4% · n=13,382
192463.4% (61.6%–65.3%) · n=11,23880.0% · n=8,36661.7% · n=11,853
192767.8% (66.0%–69.5%) · n=12,59385.1% · n=9,43166.0% · n=13,240
193069.6% (68.1%–71.1%) · n=12,73885.2% · n=9,79167.2% · n=13,551
193367.5% (65.6%–69.2%) · n=13,60583.3% · n=10,37965.5% · n=14,473
193668.1% (66.4%–69.8%) · n=13,90883.7% · n=10,67565.9% · n=14,901
193970.4% (68.9%–72.0%) · n=15,00283.4% · n=12,18768.5% · n=15,879
194267.3% (65.6%–68.9%) · n=11,78583.5% · n=9,03564.7% · n=12,679
194565.2% (63.6%–66.8%) · n=11,20681.8% · n=8,47962.2% · n=12,430
194866.4% (64.9%–68.0%) · n=14,11777.0% · n=11,64164.3% · n=15,179
195167.3% (65.5%–68.8%) · n=14,25979.5% · n=11,63265.4% · n=15,303
195468.5% (67.1%–70.0%) · n=13,71480.6% · n=11,23166.5% · n=14,656
195771.5% (70.2%–72.7%) · n=15,21281.7% · n=12,84669.3% · n=16,264
196070.2% (68.5%–71.4%) · n=15,44580.4% · n=13,03367.8% · n=16,785
196365.0% (63.3%–66.5%) · n=12,30978.0% · n=9,76762.4% · n=13,636

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Authority (public office, business, professional) — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearAuthority (public office, business, professional) (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190010.9% (8.4%–13.7%) · n=79043.9% · n=10,179
19039.9% (7.0%–13.3%) · n=76047.2% · n=9,710
190612.4% (9.8%–15.1%) · n=78951.2% · n=10,076
190910.9% (8.8%–13.4%) · n=79751.9% · n=10,407
191214.0% (11.2%–17.2%) · n=79157.3% · n=10,932
191513.8% (10.2%–17.0%) · n=64661.7% · n=10,758
191817.4% (13.4%–21.5%) · n=60562.0% · n=9,877
192122.2% (18.3%–26.0%) · n=76264.4% · n=12,646
192417.3% (14.4%–20.8%) · n=73563.4% · n=11,238
192725.9% (22.4%–29.5%) · n=79467.8% · n=12,593
193025.3% (21.5%–28.6%) · n=86669.6% · n=12,738
193328.2% (24.0%–31.6%) · n=1,03367.5% · n=13,605
193631.4% (27.2%–35.9%) · n=92468.1% · n=13,908
193932.5% (28.4%–35.8%) · n=1,02670.4% · n=15,002
194230.1% (26.3%–34.4%) · n=71067.3% · n=11,785
194529.0% (24.9%–32.8%) · n=86165.2% · n=11,206
194828.6% (24.7%–32.3%) · n=1,04366.4% · n=14,117
195129.2% (25.6%–32.6%) · n=1,03567.3% · n=14,259
195426.8% (23.8%–30.6%) · n=1,05968.5% · n=13,714
195733.2% (29.2%–37.0%) · n=95171.5% · n=15,212
196025.8% (22.8%–28.8%) · n=1,18070.2% · n=15,445
196322.0% (18.7%–25.2%) · n=1,01265.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Authority (public office, business, professional) — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearAuthority (public office, business, professional) (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190021.3% (18.5%–23.9%) · n=1,55143.9% · n=10,179
190320.9% (18.0%–23.9%) · n=1,44147.2% · n=9,710
190629.1% (25.0%–33.5%) · n=1,61151.2% · n=10,076
190924.9% (22.2%–28.0%) · n=1,53651.9% · n=10,407
191231.9% (28.5%–35.3%) · n=1,63457.3% · n=10,932
191534.0% (30.3%–37.6%) · n=1,34061.7% · n=10,758
191832.4% (28.7%–35.8%) · n=1,18862.0% · n=9,877
192138.1% (35.0%–41.2%) · n=1,55764.4% · n=12,646
192437.3% (33.4%–41.0%) · n=1,54863.4% · n=11,238
192746.1% (42.7%–49.4%) · n=1,69067.8% · n=12,593
193048.5% (45.1%–51.5%) · n=1,87369.6% · n=12,738
193345.8% (42.6%–49.0%) · n=2,11067.5% · n=13,605
193647.9% (43.9%–51.6%) · n=1,87868.1% · n=13,908
193948.4% (45.1%–51.4%) · n=2,13470.4% · n=15,002
194245.5% (42.3%–49.1%) · n=1,51067.3% · n=11,785
194542.6% (38.8%–46.2%) · n=1,57365.2% · n=11,206
194844.7% (41.8%–47.5%) · n=2,09766.4% · n=14,117
195143.9% (40.8%–47.2%) · n=2,11267.3% · n=14,259
195445.6% (42.6%–48.5%) · n=2,18868.5% · n=13,714
195747.9% (44.8%–50.9%) · n=2,04571.5% · n=15,212
196041.1% (38.3%–43.8%) · n=2,26770.2% · n=15,445
196336.3% (33.0%–39.5%) · n=1,89665.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Public office — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearPublic office (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190010.1% (6.9%–14.3%) · n=47443.9% · n=10,179
19038.8% (5.4%–13.1%) · n=42247.2% · n=9,710
19068.8% (5.8%–11.7%) · n=44351.2% · n=10,076
19099.0% (6.2%–12.0%) · n=45551.9% · n=10,407
191211.2% (7.5%–15.2%) · n=48057.3% · n=10,932
19158.4% (5.3%–12.4%) · n=34561.7% · n=10,758
191816.4% (11.3%–22.6%) · n=34262.0% · n=9,877
192118.8% (13.8%–23.2%) · n=41564.4% · n=12,646
192415.6% (11.9%–20.0%) · n=42263.4% · n=11,238
192724.7% (19.8%–30.0%) · n=44967.8% · n=12,593
193026.6% (21.6%–31.1%) · n=53169.6% · n=12,738
193328.3% (23.3%–32.6%) · n=66167.5% · n=13,605
193631.5% (25.5%–37.7%) · n=54668.1% · n=13,908
193936.5% (31.2%–41.2%) · n=60870.4% · n=15,002
194231.2% (25.7%–36.6%) · n=42667.3% · n=11,785
194529.8% (23.9%–35.8%) · n=50365.2% · n=11,206
194828.3% (23.2%–33.5%) · n=62866.4% · n=14,117
195128.4% (24.6%–32.4%) · n=66967.3% · n=14,259
195426.4% (21.7%–30.9%) · n=70568.5% · n=13,714
195735.0% (30.2%–40.1%) · n=58971.5% · n=15,212
196023.5% (19.9%–26.9%) · n=78470.2% · n=15,445
196319.7% (16.2%–23.9%) · n=65965.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Public office — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearPublic office (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190014.8% (11.5%–18.5%) · n=85243.9% · n=10,179
190317.3% (13.2%–21.5%) · n=76947.2% · n=9,710
190624.1% (18.6%–29.9%) · n=87051.2% · n=10,076
190920.3% (16.7%–23.8%) · n=78751.9% · n=10,407
191224.7% (20.2%–29.6%) · n=96057.3% · n=10,932
191524.8% (20.6%–28.8%) · n=68561.7% · n=10,758
191826.1% (21.2%–31.4%) · n=64162.0% · n=9,877
192130.8% (26.3%–35.9%) · n=77864.4% · n=12,646
192433.8% (28.5%–39.1%) · n=88463.4% · n=11,238
192746.6% (41.3%–52.1%) · n=94667.8% · n=12,593
193046.5% (41.9%–50.5%) · n=1,08569.6% · n=12,738
193343.2% (39.5%–46.9%) · n=1,30467.5% · n=13,605
193645.4% (39.8%–50.7%) · n=1,03868.1% · n=13,908
193947.2% (42.9%–50.9%) · n=1,14270.4% · n=15,002
194242.3% (36.0%–47.7%) · n=84367.3% · n=11,785
194539.1% (34.2%–43.8%) · n=88265.2% · n=11,206
194839.3% (35.0%–44.3%) · n=1,15066.4% · n=14,117
195138.9% (34.6%–42.8%) · n=1,30367.3% · n=14,259
195442.1% (37.5%–46.0%) · n=1,32568.5% · n=13,714
195744.6% (40.4%–49.0%) · n=1,15171.5% · n=15,212
196035.4% (31.8%–39.1%) · n=1,41970.2% · n=15,445
196333.5% (29.6%–38.0%) · n=1,17465.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Military — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearMilitary (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
19002.8% (1.1%–5.1%) · n=24743.9% · n=10,179
19039.4% (4.9%–14.2%) · n=15947.2% · n=9,710
19066.2% (2.6%–10.6%) · n=14451.2% · n=10,076
190912.7% (7.5%–18.3%) · n=12651.9% · n=10,407
19127.2% (2.8%–12.2%) · n=15257.3% · n=10,932
19156.7% (3.3%–10.8%) · n=14961.7% · n=10,758
19185.2% (1.9%–9.4%) · n=17362.0% · n=9,877
19219.7% (4.3%–16.5%) · n=10364.4% · n=12,646
192413.5% (6.2%–22.1%) · n=13363.4% · n=11,238
192721.7% (15.3%–28.4%) · n=18067.8% · n=12,593
193022.7% (14.5%–33.0%) · n=18169.6% · n=12,738
193320.8% (12.6%–29.7%) · n=15467.5% · n=13,605
193616.0% (9.3%–24.4%) · n=11968.1% · n=13,908
193916.2% (9.1%–23.2%) · n=14270.4% · n=15,002
19429.5% (5.4%–14.0%) · n=24167.3% · n=11,785
194512.8% (9.4%–16.3%) · n=34465.2% · n=11,206
194820.6% (11.4%–30.3%) · n=18066.4% · n=14,117
19518.2% (3.9%–12.8%) · n=25667.3% · n=14,259
195417.0% (10.8%–24.4%) · n=17168.5% · n=13,714
195711.6% (6.8%–17.2%) · n=14671.5% · n=15,212
196015.9% (9.8%–23.2%) · n=11370.2% · n=15,445
196313.8% (8.3%–20.2%) · n=11665.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Military — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearMilitary (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190012.4% (9.1%–15.7%) · n=40243.9% · n=10,179
190323.2% (17.6%–28.6%) · n=28447.2% · n=9,710
190629.3% (22.2%–36.3%) · n=29751.2% · n=10,076
190937.7% (27.2%–46.8%) · n=26551.9% · n=10,407
191232.3% (24.7%–40.1%) · n=32857.3% · n=10,932
191535.5% (23.9%–45.5%) · n=28261.7% · n=10,758
191828.0% (21.4%–34.8%) · n=33962.0% · n=9,877
192136.4% (28.0%–44.8%) · n=25364.4% · n=12,646
192445.5% (33.2%–57.4%) · n=31263.4% · n=11,238
192751.4% (45.1%–58.4%) · n=38367.8% · n=12,593
193052.5% (42.2%–62.4%) · n=39869.6% · n=12,738
193351.4% (42.7%–61.3%) · n=42067.5% · n=13,605
193649.1% (40.2%–56.9%) · n=29168.1% · n=13,908
193943.6% (36.4%–50.6%) · n=29870.4% · n=15,002
194234.3% (29.2%–40.2%) · n=37067.3% · n=11,785
194538.7% (33.9%–43.2%) · n=51265.2% · n=11,206
194853.8% (44.9%–62.0%) · n=42066.4% · n=14,117
195135.0% (28.6%–41.7%) · n=44967.3% · n=14,259
195455.9% (48.6%–62.6%) · n=41568.5% · n=13,714
195746.7% (40.4%–53.6%) · n=33271.5% · n=15,212
196045.7% (38.2%–52.3%) · n=26970.2% · n=15,445
196345.8% (38.7%–52.2%) · n=30865.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Business — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearBusiness (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190010.3% (2.2%–18.2%) · n=5843.9% · n=10,179
19034.2% (0.0%–8.8%) · n=7247.2% · n=9,710
190620.0% (10.8%–29.5%) · n=7551.2% · n=10,076
190912.7% (5.3%–21.9%) · n=6351.9% · n=10,407
191222.0% (10.7%–32.7%) · n=5957.3% · n=10,932
191512.3% (4.0%–21.8%) · n=5761.7% · n=10,758
19185.8% (0.0%–12.8%) · n=5262.0% · n=9,877
192118.6% (9.8%–28.4%) · n=7064.4% · n=12,646
192412.8% (5.9%–20.3%) · n=7863.4% · n=11,238
192721.9% (13.2%–31.8%) · n=7367.8% · n=12,593
193022.6% (14.9%–30.7%) · n=9369.6% · n=12,738
193325.0% (16.1%–33.3%) · n=9667.5% · n=13,605
193633.9% (25.2%–43.1%) · n=12468.1% · n=13,908
193927.7% (18.4%–36.6%) · n=9470.4% · n=15,002
194232.9% (21.1%–43.7%) · n=7367.3% · n=11,785
194532.2% (22.9%–42.7%) · n=9065.2% · n=11,206
194821.5% (14.3%–31.3%) · n=10766.4% · n=14,117
195129.9% (21.3%–39.0%) · n=10767.3% · n=14,259
195423.7% (14.0%–34.1%) · n=9368.5% · n=13,714
195727.3% (19.2%–36.9%) · n=8871.5% · n=15,212
196025.0% (16.5%–32.7%) · n=11270.2% · n=15,445
196317.9% (10.4%–24.3%) · n=11265.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Business — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearBusiness (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190013.6% (7.9%–19.0%) · n=14043.9% · n=10,179
19036.0% (2.8%–10.7%) · n=13447.2% · n=9,710
190617.8% (11.7%–25.0%) · n=15751.2% · n=10,076
190913.4% (7.6%–19.6%) · n=14951.9% · n=10,407
191224.8% (15.9%–34.0%) · n=10957.3% · n=10,932
191518.7% (11.7%–27.0%) · n=10761.7% · n=10,758
19189.3% (3.9%–15.6%) · n=10762.0% · n=9,877
192115.3% (9.3%–22.4%) · n=14464.4% · n=12,646
192417.6% (11.5%–24.0%) · n=13163.4% · n=11,238
192724.3% (17.6%–31.3%) · n=14867.8% · n=12,593
193029.7% (20.7%–38.2%) · n=13869.6% · n=12,738
193330.0% (21.1%–38.5%) · n=15067.5% · n=13,605
193630.1% (22.1%–38.2%) · n=14668.1% · n=13,908
193926.8% (18.8%–35.3%) · n=15770.4% · n=15,002
194227.6% (19.1%–36.6%) · n=13467.3% · n=11,785
194529.5% (19.6%–38.5%) · n=12965.2% · n=11,206
194822.7% (16.1%–30.1%) · n=17666.4% · n=14,117
195120.6% (13.6%–28.2%) · n=13667.3% · n=14,259
195419.7% (13.5%–27.7%) · n=15268.5% · n=13,714
195722.9% (14.1%–31.6%) · n=13171.5% · n=15,212
196024.2% (17.3%–31.0%) · n=14970.2% · n=15,445
196316.3% (10.8%–22.3%) · n=14765.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Labor — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearLabor (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190012.5% (3.8%–21.3%) · n=6443.9% · n=10,179
190310.0% (3.2%–18.0%) · n=6047.2% · n=9,710
190624.6% (13.6%–34.9%) · n=6151.2% · n=10,076
190926.7% (14.0%–40.0%) · n=4551.9% · n=10,407
191228.8% (16.4%–40.0%) · n=5257.3% · n=10,932
191524.4% (11.6%–39.1%) · n=4161.7% · n=10,758
191830.8% (15.8%–46.5%) · n=3962.0% · n=9,877
192139.5% (23.7%–53.9%) · n=3864.4% · n=12,646
192431.8% (18.7%–46.6%) · n=4463.4% · n=11,238
192746.7% (30.5%–61.2%) · n=4567.8% · n=12,593
193031.0% (17.8%–45.7%) · n=4269.6% · n=12,738
193317.3% (7.8%–26.3%) · n=5267.5% · n=13,605
193640.0% (25.0%–56.2%) · n=4568.1% · n=13,908
193938.3% (23.3%–53.5%) · n=4770.4% · n=15,002
194254.2% (40.6%–69.6%) · n=4867.3% · n=11,785
194548.6% (32.4%–63.9%) · n=3765.2% · n=11,206
194853.7% (40.5%–68.2%) · n=5466.4% · n=14,117
195142.6% (27.0%–58.3%) · n=4767.3% · n=14,259
195435.4% (22.4%–48.6%) · n=4868.5% · n=13,714
1957—71.5% · n=15,212
196034.7% (21.7%–48.7%) · n=4970.2% · n=15,445
196330.3% (13.9%–47.1%) · n=3365.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Labor — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearLabor (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190025.3% (18.2%–32.2%) · n=15843.9% · n=10,179
190328.0% (20.1%–35.2%) · n=18247.2% · n=9,710
190631.1% (22.4%–40.0%) · n=18051.2% · n=10,076
190935.9% (27.9%–43.4%) · n=16751.9% · n=10,407
191238.9% (28.9%–47.1%) · n=14457.3% · n=10,932
191534.1% (25.2%–44.9%) · n=13561.7% · n=10,758
191845.0% (33.6%–56.6%) · n=14062.0% · n=9,877
192141.5% (32.9%–49.4%) · n=16464.4% · n=12,646
192438.8% (28.9%–48.2%) · n=14763.4% · n=11,238
192754.3% (45.6%–63.8%) · n=16267.8% · n=12,593
193044.0% (35.2%–52.9%) · n=17569.6% · n=12,738
193340.3% (32.4%–47.7%) · n=20167.5% · n=13,605
193650.0% (39.7%–59.9%) · n=14868.1% · n=13,908
193952.4% (42.9%–61.5%) · n=18570.4% · n=15,002
194244.6% (36.3%–52.5%) · n=16867.3% · n=11,785
194551.8% (42.3%–60.2%) · n=13965.2% · n=11,206
194851.3% (42.9%–59.1%) · n=19166.4% · n=14,117
195152.1% (43.0%–59.9%) · n=16967.3% · n=14,259
195448.4% (38.5%–57.8%) · n=15568.5% · n=13,714
195743.5% (34.6%–52.8%) · n=13871.5% · n=15,212
196048.0% (38.2%–56.5%) · n=15070.2% · n=15,445
196346.7% (37.7%–55.6%) · n=13565.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Professional & expert — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearProfessional & expert (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190012.1% (8.0%–16.0%) · n=26443.9% · n=10,179
190313.0% (9.1%–17.5%) · n=27847.2% · n=9,710
190616.1% (11.6%–20.3%) · n=27951.2% · n=10,076
190913.5% (9.6%–17.3%) · n=28851.9% · n=10,407
191216.5% (11.3%–21.3%) · n=26657.3% · n=10,932
191520.9% (15.2%–27.1%) · n=25461.7% · n=10,758
191821.5% (16.1%–26.9%) · n=21462.0% · n=9,877
192128.3% (23.3%–34.2%) · n=29064.4% · n=12,646
192421.4% (16.9%–27.4%) · n=24863.4% · n=11,238
192729.2% (23.6%–34.7%) · n=27767.8% · n=12,593
193022.2% (16.6%–27.3%) · n=26169.6% · n=12,738
193327.6% (21.8%–33.7%) · n=29367.5% · n=13,605
193630.9% (25.0%–37.6%) · n=26968.1% · n=13,908
193925.9% (21.1%–31.1%) · n=34870.4% · n=15,002
194226.3% (20.4%–32.6%) · n=21767.3% · n=11,785
194525.9% (21.0%–30.7%) · n=28665.2% · n=11,206
194830.6% (24.7%–36.4%) · n=32466.4% · n=14,117
195129.2% (23.9%–34.4%) · n=28867.3% · n=14,259
195428.0% (22.4%–33.3%) · n=27968.5% · n=13,714
195730.7% (25.5%–35.5%) · n=29371.5% · n=15,212
196031.8% (26.4%–37.2%) · n=30870.2% · n=15,445
196328.2% (23.4%–34.3%) · n=26665.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Professional & expert — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearProfessional & expert (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190029.6% (25.3%–33.8%) · n=63543.9% · n=10,179
190326.0% (22.0%–30.0%) · n=61947.2% · n=9,710
190635.5% (30.7%–40.1%) · n=67951.2% · n=10,076
190931.6% (27.5%–35.5%) · n=67451.9% · n=10,407
191240.4% (36.3%–44.6%) · n=67457.3% · n=10,932
191544.4% (39.9%–49.1%) · n=62261.7% · n=10,758
191842.9% (37.4%–47.6%) · n=51362.0% · n=9,877
192148.0% (44.2%–51.7%) · n=71164.4% · n=12,646
192444.3% (39.0%–48.4%) · n=63263.4% · n=11,238
192748.0% (43.5%–52.2%) · n=67567.8% · n=12,593
193053.0% (48.1%–57.3%) · n=76269.6% · n=12,738
193350.1% (45.2%–54.4%) · n=79667.5% · n=13,605
193653.7% (49.3%–57.6%) · n=80468.1% · n=13,908
193950.7% (46.8%–55.0%) · n=97170.4% · n=15,002
194250.8% (46.1%–55.0%) · n=62267.3% · n=11,785
194548.7% (44.2%–53.9%) · n=67965.2% · n=11,206
194853.5% (49.3%–57.6%) · n=92666.4% · n=14,117
195151.8% (47.6%–55.3%) · n=82067.3% · n=14,259
195453.0% (48.8%–56.7%) · n=85168.5% · n=13,714
195754.3% (50.7%–58.3%) · n=88871.5% · n=15,212
196049.8% (45.5%–54.0%) · n=85670.2% · n=15,445
196342.6% (38.2%–46.5%) · n=70265.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Arts & sports — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearArts & sports (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190036.7% (21.2%–53.0%) · n=3043.9% · n=10,179
190340.0% (25.0%–55.3%) · n=4547.2% · n=9,710
190647.1% (30.3%–62.2%) · n=3451.2% · n=10,076
190922.7% (10.9%–34.2%) · n=4451.9% · n=10,407
191247.2% (28.9%–63.9%) · n=3657.3% · n=10,932
191532.4% (17.5%–47.1%) · n=3461.7% · n=10,758
191856.7% (37.5%–72.2%) · n=3062.0% · n=9,877
192140.8% (25.6%–56.1%) · n=4964.4% · n=12,646
192434.2% (20.4%–49.5%) · n=7363.4% · n=11,238
192732.9% (20.9%–43.7%) · n=7967.8% · n=12,593
193028.7% (19.3%–39.1%) · n=8069.6% · n=12,738
193343.5% (34.0%–53.3%) · n=10867.5% · n=13,605
193631.5% (21.4%–40.5%) · n=10868.1% · n=13,908
193928.1% (18.3%–38.1%) · n=8970.4% · n=15,002
194230.7% (19.3%–42.2%) · n=8867.3% · n=11,785
194524.7% (14.8%–35.2%) · n=7365.2% · n=11,206
194832.9% (20.8%–45.0%) · n=7066.4% · n=14,117
195128.6% (20.2%–37.4%) · n=10567.3% · n=14,259
195421.6% (13.4%–29.5%) · n=10268.5% · n=13,714
195737.3% (28.6%–47.9%) · n=8371.5% · n=15,212
196031.7% (18.6%–44.7%) · n=6370.2% · n=15,445
196320.2% (10.4%–30.9%) · n=8965.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Arts & sports — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearArts & sports (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190035.9% (25.5%–45.2%) · n=10343.9% · n=10,179
190339.3% (28.1%–49.2%) · n=11747.2% · n=9,710
190643.1% (32.8%–52.4%) · n=11651.2% · n=10,076
190925.6% (16.4%–34.5%) · n=12551.9% · n=10,407
191246.2% (35.9%–56.4%) · n=11757.3% · n=10,932
191539.0% (29.2%–50.0%) · n=10561.7% · n=10,758
191857.6% (45.2%–68.2%) · n=8562.0% · n=9,877
192142.9% (34.1%–51.4%) · n=14064.4% · n=12,646
192440.2% (30.7%–48.8%) · n=17963.4% · n=11,238
192745.5% (37.8%–53.0%) · n=23367.8% · n=12,593
193036.4% (28.2%–44.2%) · n=18469.6% · n=12,738
193344.9% (37.8%–51.7%) · n=24767.5% · n=13,605
193636.4% (30.0%–43.7%) · n=28368.1% · n=13,908
193942.5% (34.9%–49.3%) · n=25270.4% · n=15,002
194239.0% (28.9%–50.3%) · n=18267.3% · n=11,785
194531.8% (24.2%–38.7%) · n=17365.2% · n=11,206
194835.6% (27.5%–43.6%) · n=18866.4% · n=14,117
195135.8% (28.5%–42.6%) · n=25467.3% · n=14,259
195430.7% (23.6%–37.9%) · n=21868.5% · n=13,714
195736.7% (29.3%–43.5%) · n=19671.5% · n=15,212
196040.2% (31.4%–48.8%) · n=18470.2% · n=15,445
196325.1% (18.3%–32.9%) · n=21165.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Civic organisations — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearCivic organisations (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190024.0% (12.9%–35.9%) · n=7543.9% · n=10,179
190324.6% (12.5%–37.5%) · n=5747.2% · n=9,710
190632.2% (22.2%–44.7%) · n=5951.2% · n=10,076
190940.4% (26.1%–53.5%) · n=4751.9% · n=10,407
191238.3% (27.1%–48.9%) · n=8157.3% · n=10,932
191544.8% (31.1%–58.9%) · n=6761.7% · n=10,758
191846.9% (35.2%–58.3%) · n=9862.0% · n=9,877
192156.7% (45.5%–66.7%) · n=12064.4% · n=12,646
192467.2% (54.1%–79.2%) · n=12863.4% · n=11,238
192775.3% (67.3%–82.5%) · n=14667.8% · n=12,593
193070.4% (63.3%–76.9%) · n=19669.6% · n=12,738
193371.6% (65.2%–77.6%) · n=27867.5% · n=13,605
193665.7% (57.1%–72.1%) · n=17868.1% · n=13,908
193968.2% (60.8%–74.7%) · n=22370.4% · n=15,002
194269.9% (63.2%–76.8%) · n=18367.3% · n=11,785
194558.3% (50.0%–66.1%) · n=19965.2% · n=11,206
194861.4% (54.2%–68.1%) · n=22866.4% · n=14,117
195161.2% (55.3%–67.2%) · n=25867.3% · n=14,259
195468.9% (61.3%–75.3%) · n=24468.5% · n=13,714
195771.8% (63.8%–78.2%) · n=20271.5% · n=15,212
196069.4% (62.6%–75.2%) · n=23270.2% · n=15,445
196354.4% (47.1%–62.1%) · n=16965.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Civic organisations — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearCivic organisations (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190024.4% (16.3%–32.4%) · n=21743.9% · n=10,179
190326.1% (18.5%–36.0%) · n=17647.2% · n=9,710
190631.6% (23.1%–41.0%) · n=19351.2% · n=10,076
190940.4% (33.0%–48.9%) · n=21351.9% · n=10,407
191239.0% (30.1%–47.8%) · n=24157.3% · n=10,932
191553.3% (43.2%–62.4%) · n=21461.7% · n=10,758
191843.9% (36.0%–51.4%) · n=29462.0% · n=9,877
192157.9% (50.5%–64.1%) · n=27364.4% · n=12,646
192456.0% (47.1%–64.5%) · n=31863.4% · n=11,238
192769.5% (63.2%–74.9%) · n=39767.8% · n=12,593
193064.6% (59.1%–70.2%) · n=43569.6% · n=12,738
193369.5% (63.4%–74.2%) · n=58067.5% · n=13,605
193662.6% (55.8%–68.2%) · n=46868.1% · n=13,908
193970.3% (65.3%–74.8%) · n=61070.4% · n=15,002
194263.4% (57.1%–68.9%) · n=48767.3% · n=11,785
194560.6% (54.4%–67.0%) · n=51365.2% · n=11,206
194861.3% (55.4%–67.2%) · n=58166.4% · n=14,117
195162.4% (56.9%–67.0%) · n=60767.3% · n=14,259
195467.8% (63.0%–72.1%) · n=67768.5% · n=13,714
195764.5% (59.6%–69.0%) · n=63171.5% · n=15,212
196060.6% (55.6%–65.1%) · n=71070.2% · n=15,445
196353.5% (48.2%–58.4%) · n=49065.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Society pages — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearSociety pages (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190078.6% (67.6%–88.6%) · n=7043.9% · n=10,179
190379.7% (68.7%–88.9%) · n=5947.2% · n=9,710
190688.6% (81.8%–95.1%) · n=8851.2% · n=10,076
190987.8% (81.1%–93.9%) · n=10751.9% · n=10,407
191287.6% (80.9%–92.6%) · n=12957.3% · n=10,932
191592.0% (85.4%–97.3%) · n=13861.7% · n=10,758
191888.8% (82.1%–94.1%) · n=9862.0% · n=9,877
192185.6% (79.8%–90.5%) · n=18064.4% · n=12,646
192493.4% (89.5%–97.2%) · n=13763.4% · n=11,238
192790.6% (86.1%–95.4%) · n=14967.8% · n=12,593
193088.0% (83.8%–92.1%) · n=23469.6% · n=12,738
193387.2% (82.7%–91.8%) · n=21967.5% · n=13,605
193689.8% (85.6%–93.4%) · n=20668.1% · n=13,908
193989.0% (84.1%–93.2%) · n=23670.4% · n=15,002
194287.3% (81.4%–92.3%) · n=15867.3% · n=11,785
194586.8% (78.9%–92.7%) · n=11465.2% · n=11,206
194887.8% (83.6%–91.2%) · n=24566.4% · n=14,117
195188.9% (84.8%–93.0%) · n=21767.3% · n=14,259
195489.3% (84.1%–94.1%) · n=17768.5% · n=13,714
195791.4% (87.7%–94.7%) · n=23271.5% · n=15,212
196089.0% (84.4%–93.4%) · n=19170.2% · n=15,445
196390.3% (84.9%–95.0%) · n=14565.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Society pages — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearSociety pages (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190080.7% (75.0%–85.8%) · n=25443.9% · n=10,179
190380.6% (74.6%–85.8%) · n=25347.2% · n=9,710
190689.4% (85.6%–92.9%) · n=38851.2% · n=10,076
190988.1% (84.4%–91.4%) · n=42151.9% · n=10,407
191285.9% (82.1%–89.1%) · n=49057.3% · n=10,932
191591.0% (87.5%–93.7%) · n=50161.7% · n=10,758
191893.0% (90.0%–95.7%) · n=38562.0% · n=9,877
192188.5% (85.1%–91.3%) · n=65164.4% · n=12,646
192494.4% (92.8%–96.3%) · n=54063.4% · n=11,238
192790.5% (87.7%–92.9%) · n=60967.8% · n=12,593
193091.7% (89.6%–93.6%) · n=86369.6% · n=12,738
193388.8% (86.3%–91.2%) · n=87367.5% · n=13,605
193691.0% (88.9%–92.9%) · n=82968.1% · n=13,908
193990.8% (88.2%–93.0%) · n=97670.4% · n=15,002
194290.4% (87.2%–93.0%) · n=70767.3% · n=11,785
194588.1% (84.3%–91.2%) · n=45465.2% · n=11,206
194887.4% (84.5%–89.8%) · n=1,03366.4% · n=14,117
195191.0% (88.8%–93.0%) · n=95167.3% · n=14,259
195492.7% (90.9%–94.4%) · n=91568.5% · n=13,714
195794.1% (92.5%–95.5%) · n=1,16771.5% · n=15,212
196090.6% (88.2%–92.4%) · n=82770.2% · n=15,445
196392.6% (90.3%–94.6%) · n=70165.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Family (kin-identified) — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearFamily (kin-identified) (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190070.8% (65.4%–76.1%) · n=31243.9% · n=10,179
190364.7% (58.7%–70.7%) · n=32947.2% · n=9,710
190678.8% (74.9%–83.1%) · n=41151.2% · n=10,076
190976.5% (72.6%–81.0%) · n=36651.9% · n=10,407
191278.6% (74.8%–82.4%) · n=45357.3% · n=10,932
191578.3% (73.7%–83.2%) · n=37461.7% · n=10,758
191878.3% (74.3%–81.9%) · n=47162.0% · n=9,877
192180.4% (77.0%–84.1%) · n=55264.4% · n=12,646
192482.2% (78.6%–86.3%) · n=41163.4% · n=11,238
192780.7% (77.3%–84.0%) · n=53367.8% · n=12,593
193084.6% (81.5%–87.7%) · n=57769.6% · n=12,738
193379.2% (75.7%–82.4%) · n=61167.5% · n=13,605
193680.7% (77.3%–84.2%) · n=62368.1% · n=13,908
193979.7% (76.6%–82.6%) · n=68170.4% · n=15,002
194275.2% (71.5%–78.9%) · n=55767.3% · n=11,785
194583.6% (79.9%–86.9%) · n=59165.2% · n=11,206
194875.4% (72.4%–78.8%) · n=75966.4% · n=14,117
195175.9% (72.0%–79.3%) · n=65567.3% · n=14,259
195475.6% (71.6%–79.1%) · n=54068.5% · n=13,714
195776.4% (72.5%–80.6%) · n=60771.5% · n=15,212
196076.9% (73.6%–80.3%) · n=79570.2% · n=15,445
196378.2% (75.5%–81.3%) · n=66665.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Family (kin-identified) — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearFamily (kin-identified) (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190065.8% (62.6%–69.0%) · n=1,10343.9% · n=10,179
190364.2% (60.9%–67.6%) · n=1,13147.2% · n=9,710
190673.2% (70.4%–75.9%) · n=1,39851.2% · n=10,076
190976.3% (73.7%–78.6%) · n=1,36451.9% · n=10,407
191277.1% (74.9%–79.5%) · n=1,59357.3% · n=10,932
191579.1% (76.8%–81.7%) · n=1,42461.7% · n=10,758
191879.2% (77.1%–81.3%) · n=1,63862.0% · n=9,877
192179.2% (77.2%–81.0%) · n=2,18864.4% · n=12,646
192482.7% (80.3%–84.7%) · n=1,69263.4% · n=11,238
192782.7% (80.6%–84.7%) · n=1,91267.8% · n=12,593
193082.8% (80.9%–84.8%) · n=2,14669.6% · n=12,738
193381.4% (79.6%–83.2%) · n=2,16867.5% · n=13,605
193685.3% (83.6%–86.9%) · n=2,55168.1% · n=13,908
193983.6% (81.9%–85.3%) · n=2,67970.4% · n=15,002
194283.5% (81.8%–85.2%) · n=2,44867.3% · n=11,785
194586.2% (84.7%–87.8%) · n=2,27665.2% · n=11,206
194882.5% (81.0%–84.1%) · n=3,16066.4% · n=14,117
195184.1% (82.5%–85.7%) · n=2,87967.3% · n=14,259
195484.6% (83.1%–86.1%) · n=2,50968.5% · n=13,714
195785.3% (83.8%–86.7%) · n=3,07271.5% · n=15,212
196084.2% (83.0%–85.5%) · n=3,40370.2% · n=15,445
196383.8% (82.4%–85.4%) · n=2,90965.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Crime & accident — women's share, method B · dependency rulesYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearCrime & accident (method B)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190015.8% (9.3%–22.7%) · n=9543.9% · n=10,179
190320.9% (13.2%–28.8%) · n=11047.2% · n=9,710
190630.0% (21.7%–39.2%) · n=10051.2% · n=10,076
190925.6% (17.2%–35.1%) · n=9051.9% · n=10,407
191214.2% (7.8%–20.8%) · n=10657.3% · n=10,932
191517.4% (9.4%–26.1%) · n=8661.7% · n=10,758
191835.7% (21.1%–49.1%) · n=5662.0% · n=9,877
192127.4% (18.0%–36.2%) · n=8464.4% · n=12,646
192422.4% (12.5%–33.9%) · n=6763.4% · n=11,238
192730.3% (21.3%–40.2%) · n=8967.8% · n=12,593
193037.1% (26.6%–48.5%) · n=8969.6% · n=12,738
193334.8% (23.5%–47.2%) · n=9267.5% · n=13,605
193638.8% (27.3%–49.3%) · n=6768.1% · n=13,908
193917.4% (8.1%–27.4%) · n=6970.4% · n=15,002
194225.4% (12.9%–38.5%) · n=5967.3% · n=11,785
194513.9% (6.8%–21.8%) · n=7265.2% · n=11,206
194821.1% (11.8%–30.3%) · n=7666.4% · n=14,117
195128.2% (18.3%–37.9%) · n=7167.3% · n=14,259
195429.1% (16.3%–41.9%) · n=5568.5% · n=13,714
195722.6% (12.2%–33.9%) · n=5371.5% · n=15,212
19609.8% (2.0%–20.0%) · n=6170.2% · n=15,445
196324.7% (15.1%–34.9%) · n=7365.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Crime & accident — women's share, method A · lexical windowYears with fewer than 30 gender-signalled people in the role are omitted.
Table view
YearCrime & accident (method A)all gender-signalled people (raw)
190026.9% (15.5%–41.7%) · n=5243.9% · n=10,179
190321.3% (10.4%–32.6%) · n=4747.2% · n=9,710
190622.5% (8.3%–35.0%) · n=4051.2% · n=10,076
190917.5% (5.1%–30.4%) · n=4051.9% · n=10,407
191222.0% (10.7%–34.9%) · n=5057.3% · n=10,932
191515.8% (4.9%–26.5%) · n=3861.7% · n=10,758
1918—62.0% · n=9,877
192124.5% (14.0%–36.4%) · n=4964.4% · n=12,646
1924—63.4% · n=11,238
192738.1% (22.2%–54.1%) · n=4267.8% · n=12,593
193043.1% (28.3%–58.2%) · n=5869.6% · n=12,738
193333.3% (19.1%–48.0%) · n=5167.5% · n=13,605
193635.7% (23.1%–50.0%) · n=4268.1% · n=13,908
193927.3% (15.1%–40.6%) · n=4470.4% · n=15,002
1942—67.3% · n=11,785
194526.8% (13.5%–42.2%) · n=4165.2% · n=11,206
194820.8% (9.8%–34.1%) · n=4866.4% · n=14,117
195127.3% (14.6%–43.8%) · n=4467.3% · n=14,259
195437.8% (23.7%–54.6%) · n=3768.5% · n=13,714
1957—71.5% · n=15,212
196034.2% (18.2%–50.9%) · n=3870.2% · n=15,445
1963—65.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

All gender-signalled people — composition-adjusted vs rawAdjusted series: the share each year would show with the pooled 1900–63 mix of topics and newspapers (linear probability model with year, topic and newspaper effects; 95% article-cluster bootstrap CI).
Table view
Yearadjusted for topic + newspaperraw
1900.056.2% (54.1%–58.2%) · n=10,17943.9% · n=10,179
1903.057.9% (56.0%–60.2%) · n=9,71047.2% · n=9,710
1906.058.6% (56.7%–60.3%) · n=10,07651.2% · n=10,076
1909.058.5% (57.0%–60.6%) · n=10,40751.9% · n=10,407
1912.060.4% (58.9%–61.8%) · n=10,93257.3% · n=10,932
1915.064.7% (63.1%–66.1%) · n=10,75861.7% · n=10,758
1918.065.1% (63.2%–66.6%) · n=9,87762.0% · n=9,877
1921.065.3% (63.3%–66.7%) · n=12,64664.4% · n=12,646
1924.064.7% (63.3%–66.0%) · n=11,23863.4% · n=11,238
1927.067.8% (66.6%–69.5%) · n=12,59367.8% · n=12,593
1930.066.9% (65.6%–68.4%) · n=12,73869.6% · n=12,738
1933.066.2% (65.0%–67.5%) · n=13,60567.5% · n=13,605
1936.065.8% (64.6%–67.3%) · n=13,90868.1% · n=13,908
1939.066.2% (65.0%–67.3%) · n=15,00270.4% · n=15,002
1942.065.8% (64.7%–66.9%) · n=11,78567.3% · n=11,785
1945.066.1% (64.8%–67.8%) · n=11,20665.2% · n=11,206
1948.064.2% (62.8%–65.3%) · n=14,11766.4% · n=14,117
1951.064.6% (63.5%–66.0%) · n=14,25967.3% · n=14,259
1954.064.6% (63.5%–65.7%) · n=13,71468.5% · n=13,714
1957.064.2% (63.1%–65.3%) · n=15,21271.5% · n=15,212
1960.064.6% (63.6%–65.6%) · n=15,44570.2% · n=15,445
1963.063.6% (62.2%–64.8%) · n=12,30965.0% · n=12,309

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Authority (public office, business, professional) — composition-adjusted vs rawAdjusted series: the share each year would show with the pooled 1900–63 mix of topics and newspapers (linear probability model with year, topic and newspaper effects; 95% article-cluster bootstrap CI).
Table view
Yearadjusted for topic + newspaperraw
1900.017.3% (12.5%–21.7%) · n=79010.9% · n=790
1903.016.7% (11.8%–21.7%) · n=7609.9% · n=760
1906.018.3% (14.9%–23.9%) · n=78912.4% · n=789
1909.018.2% (15.6%–22.2%) · n=79710.9% · n=797
1912.018.4% (14.1%–22.4%) · n=79114.0% · n=791
1915.021.2% (18.0%–25.6%) · n=64613.8% · n=646
1918.022.5% (18.3%–26.7%) · n=60517.4% · n=605
1921.026.8% (21.6%–31.7%) · n=76222.2% · n=762
1924.019.7% (16.7%–22.1%) · n=73517.3% · n=735
1927.026.0% (22.8%–28.8%) · n=79425.9% · n=794
1930.025.3% (21.5%–28.2%) · n=86625.3% · n=866
1933.025.8% (21.7%–29.2%) · n=1,03328.2% · n=1,033
1936.030.9% (27.2%–35.6%) · n=92431.4% · n=924
1939.029.1% (25.7%–32.2%) · n=1,02632.5% · n=1,026
1942.027.8% (24.5%–31.1%) · n=71030.1% · n=710
1945.026.2% (22.5%–29.7%) · n=86129.0% · n=861
1948.026.3% (22.5%–29.7%) · n=1,04328.6% · n=1,043
1951.024.9% (21.3%–27.4%) · n=1,03529.2% · n=1,035
1954.023.0% (19.9%–26.3%) · n=1,05926.8% · n=1,059
1957.022.9% (19.1%–26.2%) · n=95133.2% · n=951
1960.021.8% (19.0%–24.7%) · n=1,18025.8% · n=1,180
1963.020.4% (17.2%–23.6%) · n=1,01222.0% · n=1,012

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Civic organisations — composition-adjusted vs rawAdjusted series: the share each year would show with the pooled 1900–63 mix of topics and newspapers (linear probability model with year, topic and newspaper effects; 95% article-cluster bootstrap CI).
Table view
Yearadjusted for topic + newspaperraw
1900.037.8% (18.6%–61.2%) · n=7524.0% · n=75
1903.033.4% (19.0%–46.7%) · n=5724.6% · n=57
1906.059.7% (35.7%–80.9%) · n=5932.2% · n=59
1909.052.9% (35.2%–70.7%) · n=4740.4% · n=47
1912.039.1% (21.6%–59.2%) · n=8138.3% · n=81
1915.042.1% (28.3%–57.2%) · n=6744.8% · n=67
1918.067.1% (50.0%–86.0%) · n=9846.9% · n=98
1921.063.2% (48.1%–75.7%) · n=12056.7% · n=120
1924.068.8% (58.7%–77.8%) · n=12867.2% · n=128
1927.075.0% (68.0%–81.2%) · n=14675.3% · n=146
1930.069.0% (62.0%–75.8%) · n=19670.4% · n=196
1933.067.8% (61.5%–72.8%) · n=27871.6% · n=278
1936.063.4% (55.5%–69.5%) · n=17865.7% · n=178
1939.067.7% (61.5%–73.1%) · n=22368.2% · n=223
1942.065.2% (58.8%–71.0%) · n=18369.9% · n=183
1945.058.1% (51.6%–64.2%) · n=19958.3% · n=199
1948.062.2% (55.8%–70.3%) · n=22861.4% · n=228
1951.059.0% (52.2%–64.2%) · n=25861.2% · n=258
1954.064.9% (59.1%–71.0%) · n=24468.9% · n=244
1957.063.3% (56.4%–70.3%) · n=20271.8% · n=202
1960.066.3% (60.2%–73.0%) · n=23269.4% · n=232
1963.054.2% (44.7%–60.6%) · n=16954.4% · n=169

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Trend by gender-evidence rule

RuleSlope (pp/decade)95% CI1900–211948–63
h+2.2895% CI +0.20 to +4.3670.4%79.6%
hp+3.1195% CI +1.41 to +4.8155.3%68.3%
hpn+2.8895% CI +1.25 to +4.5153.9%66.1%

How many people can be gendered at all

A trend in women's share is only interpretable next to the share of people the text leaves ungendered. If that share moves, so can the apparent trend.

People with no textual gender signalShare of NER person entities left UNKNOWN under each rule.
Table view
Yearhonorific onlyhonorific + pronoun (primary)+ gendered nouns
190084.0%77.3%76.2%
190384.0%76.8%75.6%
190683.8%76.8%75.6%
190983.1%76.2%74.9%
191282.3%75.8%74.5%
191582.0%76.0%74.8%
191882.9%77.5%76.1%
192179.0%73.3%71.8%
192481.1%74.6%73.3%
192779.1%72.1%70.7%
193078.7%72.2%70.5%
193379.3%72.9%71.1%
193679.8%73.7%71.8%
193976.5%71.1%69.4%
194281.7%76.1%74.3%
194583.8%78.6%76.3%
194879.2%74.7%72.8%
195177.9%72.9%70.9%
195479.3%74.7%73.0%
195776.5%72.2%70.2%
196073.9%69.1%66.4%
196379.5%74.1%71.3%

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.

Women's share of all people, under the extreme treatments of UNKNOWNThe truth for the whole population lies between the upper and lower lines.
Table view
Yearwomen's share if every UNKNOWN were a womanwomen's share of classified peoplewomen's share if every UNKNOWN were a man
190087.3%43.9%10.0%
190387.8%47.2%10.9%
190688.7%51.2%11.9%
190988.5%51.9%12.3%
191289.7%57.3%13.9%
191590.8%61.7%14.8%
191891.4%62.0%14.0%
192190.5%64.4%17.2%
192490.7%63.4%16.1%
192791.0%67.8%18.9%
193091.6%69.6%19.3%
193391.2%67.5%18.3%
193691.6%68.1%17.9%
193991.5%70.4%20.4%
194292.2%67.3%16.1%
194592.6%65.2%13.9%
194891.5%66.4%16.8%
195191.1%67.3%18.2%
195492.0%68.5%17.3%
195792.1%71.5%19.9%
196090.8%70.2%21.7%
196390.9%65.0%16.8%

AmericanStories (Dell et al. 2023, CC-BY-4.0), built on Chronicling America (Library of Congress). 10,000 sampled articles per year, 22 years.